Analysis Of Aristotle s The Leviathan Essay - 1586 Words

One of the first political theorists, Aristotle once wrote in his novel Politics, â€Å"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that precedes the individual. Anyone who either cannot lead the common life or is so self-sufficient as not to need to, and therefore does not partake of society, is either a beast or a god. † (Aristotle 4) Dating back to Ancient Greece, the state of nature has been observed and disputed for centuries. It wasn’t until the 1600s, was Aristotle’s theory ever seriously debated. Thomas Hobbes developed his own theory on what is the state of nature in his novel The Leviathan. This writing sparked interest in philosophers as to what human nature truly is, not just what Aristotle had suggested. Just thirty-eight years later, John Locke anonymously published his writings Two Treatises of Government, suggesting a diffe ring outlook on the state of nature to Hobbes. Through a summarization of each philosopher’s depiction of the state of nature and explanations of the strengths and weaknesses of each theory, one will be able to find which argument is the most compelling. Thomas Hobbes was born in Malmesbury, UK in year 1588. Having been born into wealth, Hobbes was formally educated, his studies included Malmesbury school and Hertford College, Oxford. Up until Hobbes time, political theory had very little change since Aristotle.Show MoreRelatedThe Political Of Political Science Essay2347 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction: According to Aristotleâ€Å"Man is by nature a political animal and he only by nature and by mere accident is without state is either above humanity or below it† Political science is ultimately related with the word politics which is derived from the Greek word â€Å"Polis†.The origin of political thought in the west and therefore goes back to the Greece.Political science is the study of the state and the government.And political philosophy is considersd to be a sub discipline of political scienceRead MoreWhat Have Theorists Meant by Liberty? Essay example1589 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress oneself in the manner of ones own choosing. In this essay I am going to look at the theorists such as Locke, Mill, Hobbes, Machiavelli, Rousseau and Milton to identify what they meant by liberty. The ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle thought liberty was an ideal that could not fully exist in its pure form in the human world. Liberty has a different meaning in the modern world than it did in the ancient. Benjamin Constant in 1819 in a speech on `The Liberty of the Ancients ComparedRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pages there is â€Å"a time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance.† Enlightening comments on the relationship of humor to wisdom were once made by Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971), perhaps the twentieth-century’s most influential U. S. theologian (and a favorite thinker of President Obama). Although Niebuhr generally agreed that humor stresses the incongruous, he also, like Chesterton and Solomon, linked it with humility. Humor is a proof of the capacity of the self to gain a vantage

Augustus s Influence On The Roman Empire - 1260 Words

Augustus is known to be the first Roman emperor, and the founder of Rome, known for politically transforming the Roman republic to the early Roman Empire. During his rule his influence on artwork and architecture illustrated a classical style, and often they was a reflection of the â€Å"public image† of his rule, as well as his â€Å"new agenda†. (115) Augustus was quickly seen as a restorer of Rome. Augustus commissioned many large scale building projects such as the Campus Martius, as well as elaborate pieces of portraiture that illustrate his power and the peace of the new Rome under his rule. Augustus acknowledged his power and wealth but at the same time never formally declared himself emperor in order to maintain his citizenship. Although he was keen on denying title of emperor, he emphasized that he was a descendant of the great Julius Caesar considering himself his adopted son and his predecessor, in which he reinforces in some of the temples he commissioned. Overall Augustus was seen as a man of change and power, the one who brought prosperity to Rome when it became shaken by the assassination of Julius Caesar. The age of Augustus brought forth a classical style, influenced by Greeks, and the usage of marble and concrete to create complex buildings and sculptures. This was important because as a result of Augustus’ reign Rome obtained a very classical style, in which would later be reintroduced in order to mimic his greatness by other Emperors. Augustus’ artistic programShow MoreRelatedthe roman empire is the greatest civilization of all time1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire was the period of time after the Roman Republic and before the Byzantine Empire from 29 B.C. to A.D. 476. It was the highest point of Roman civilization, greater than any prior empires and towers over even the empires after it; it triumphed over the world . The Roman Republic was what built up the foundation for the Roman Empire. During the Republic, a small group of people started from scratch and developed their own systems, which later develops into the Roman Empire. The strongRead MoreRome s Transformation From Republic1584 Words   |  7 PagesAs the first Roman emperor (though he never claimed the title), Augustus led Rome’s transformation from republic to empire during the chaotic years following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. Augustus became one of Rome’s greatest leaders and he established the principate, the form of government under which Rome ruled its empire for many years. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Caesar Augustus, was born Gaius Julius Octavius in Rome, Italy and was alive from 63 BC - AD 14Read MoreThe Differences Between Charlemagne And Augustus1088 Words   |  5 Pages Charlemagne and Augustus were separated by many centuries (seven), in that time many changes occurred in both culture and lifestyles. Charlemagne and Augustus had a few similarities but many more differences. Examples of the similarities would be they both ruled large empires with close to the same amount of territory governed. To rule these large empires they both had to fight off rival kingdoms/empires/tribes. They were also similar in they inherited their respective territories. However, theirRead MoreComparing Cyrus The Great Of The Persian Empire And Emperor Caesar Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesPaper #2 The Ancient Roman Poet, Virgil, once wrote, â€Å"They can conquer who believe they can.† King Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire and Emperor Caesar Augustus of the Roman Republic/Empire are leaders whose conviction in their rights to power establish the unwavering support of the people they lead. King Cyrus the Great rises to the throne of an expansive Persian Empire. As King, he brings virtually the entire Near East under his control. In 539, claiming to be under the divine right the BabylonianRead More Comparing Roman and Greek Art Essay example1185 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Roman and Greek Art Throughout history art has consistently reflected the cultural values and social structures of individual civilizations. Ancient art serves as a useful tool to help historians decipher some important aspects of ancient culture. From art we can determine the basic moral and philosophical beliefs of many ancient societies. The differences in arts purpose in Greece and Rome, for example, show us the fundamental differences in each cultures political and moralRead MorePortrait of Augustus as General1323 Words   |  6 PagesPortrait of Augustus as General Roman portraiture was one of the most significant periods in the development of portrait art. The characteristics of Roman portraitures are more modest, realistic, idealized, and natural. Also, the body compositions, muscles and facial expressions of portraits and sculptures are more advanced. Many roman portraits are directly linked to specific individuals, such as gods and emperors. They were often used for propaganda purposes and included ideological messagesRead MoreThe Aeneid By Virgil Aeneid1689 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatness and particularly with the reign of the new emperor Augustus Caesar as the re-founder of glorious Rome. Throughout the poem Virgil used prophecies to make connections between the founding of the settlement (later to be Rome) by Aeneas and Rome’s culminating point with Augustus, who, according to Virgil, descends from Aeneas. Virgil uses this poem as propaganda for the new emperor by creating a parallelism between Aeneas, destiny, and Augustus at t he same time that it uses a hidden ironic critiqueRead MoreClassical Roman Art Vs Early Christian There are many similarities and differences between800 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Roman Art Vs Early Christian There are many similarities and differences between Classical Roman and Early Christian Art. What particularly stands out to me is how much these two cultures have in common when it comes to their art and architecture. Romans were geniuses when it came to engineering and we can see that in the monuments they left behind. Many early Christian architectural styles and ideas were adopted straight from the Romans. Their communities became organized geographicallyRead MoreJulius Caesar Divi : The Second Triumvirate1428 Words   |  6 PagesImperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus, along with being a mastered politician, he also surpassed at getting Roman people to do what he wanted them to do voluntarily, and he managed to keep the aspect of the Republic up and running for the length of his session as an emperor. After the assassination of his adoptive father, Julius Caesar, Octavian introduced himself in the political leadership in 44 BC. During this time, the army was loyal to their general therefore Octavian paid all of Caesar’s armedRead MoreHow Can Historians Make Use Of The Stories That The Romans1723 Words   |  7 PagesHow can historians make use of the stories that the Romans told about their founders and foundations? Abstract. There are two distinct stories regarding the foundation of ancient Rome, with claims to two founders. The story of Romulus and Remus describes the literal foundation of the city where as the Aeneid addresses the origins in the foundations of the Roman people being descended from Aeneas. In regards to their use to historians, though there is debate as to the legitimacy of historical facts

Friendship and Trust Showed in Books free essay sample

To Kill A Mockingbird had multiple relationships and interactions including the following; Jem and Scout, Scout and Dill, Scout and Boo Radley, and that sense of trust and well being between Atticus and Tom Robinson. Romeo and Juliet is sort of a given as an example of this theme but it adds even more to the equation, it adds love. Lastly, 12 Angry Men showed a lot of trust. In the way that the young boy must trust the Jurors to judge fairly, and how all of the other jurors must trust Juror 8s theories of innocence for the defendant. Although these four stories share different types of friendship and trust it is still just as important of a theme in all of them. The Odyssey has been dated back as far as the ninth century B. C. , yet still friendship and trust seemed to have been just as important. Arguably the most famous quote from the book is, â€Å"There is nothing nobler or more admirable than when two people who see eye to eye keep house as husband and wife, confounding their enemies and delighting their friends† (Unknown). We will write a custom essay sample on Friendship and Trust Showed in Books or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This quote is read at weddings all the time because of what it represents. It not only represents a Good 2 perfect example of a Christian marriage, but it represents true trust and friendship as well. This second quote was said by the great Odysseus just after he heard word of his comrades being transformed into animals by a goddess At that report I slung my hefty bronze blade Of my silver-studded sword around my shoulder, Slung my bow on too and told our comrade, ‘Lead me back by the same way that you came. ’ (10, 286-290) This shows not only the valued trait of bravery, but it shows loyalty and friendship that e would knowingly risk his life to save his crewmembers. Although this book was originally written thousands of years ago, it shows trust and friendship to be just as important as it is now perceived in today’s world. 12 Angry Men only got past 5 pages because of the fact that Juror 8 trusted the defendant enough to at least give him a fair chance. The first vote count for guilty/not guilty was 11 to 1 in favor of guilty, based s olely on observations and the race of the accused party. The other Jurors didn’t trust him because of their personal prejudice. The following quote by Juror 8 shows that even our court system is based off of trust Its always difficult to keep personal prejudice out of a thing like this. And wherever you run into it, prejudice always obscures the truth. I dont really know what the truth is. I dont suppose anybody will ever really know. Nine of us now seem to feel that the defendant is innocent, but were just gambling on probabilities we may be wrong. We may be trying to let a guilty man go free, I dont know. Nobody really can. But we have a reasonable doubt, and thats something thats very valuable in our system. No jury can declare a man guilty unless its sure. (Steinbeck 82) Juror 8 had enough trust in a man that he didn’t even know that he put himself against the rest of the jury because of some reasonable doubt. Juror 4 gave us this next quote to explain himself after he switched his vote to ‘not guilty’ This gentleman has been standing alone against us. Now he doesnt say that the boy is not guilty, he just isnt sure. Well its not easy to stand alone against the ridicule of others, so he gambled for support and I gave it to him. I respect his motives. (Steinbeck 16) Good 3 Juror 4 not only trusted Juror 8’s motives in trying to find out the truth in the case. But he started a friendship which is shown again later when they exchange names after the case is concluded. Even a book such as 12 Angry Men, in which none of the characters have ever met before, shows that trust and friendship plays an important role in our every day lives. The novel To Kill A Mockingbird shows different types of friendship and trust than the past two books, yet it’s just as important in every way. When people think of friendship and trust they think of their ‘best friend’. Most don’t think of the general use of the term. Sometimes it takes a young girl such as Scout to make us realize these things, â€Å"Neighbors bring food with death and flowers with sickness and little things in between† (Lee 293). She goes on to say that Boo Radley, their neighbor, had done several nice things to them and they have failed to repay him. They had never talked in their lives yet Scout had the general sense of friendship that she felt the need to be fair and nice to everyone. The second use of the theme trust is probably the most important anyone will ever have to deal with. Atticus Finch is a lawyer defending a black man in an extremely racist county, yet he has enough pride to stand up and actually defend the man despite what the rest of the town thinks. His philosophy is as follows Theyre certainly entitled to think that, and theyre entitled to full respect for their opinions, said Atticus, but before I can live with other folks Ive got to live with myself. The one thing that doesnt abide by majority rule is a persons conscience. (Lee 114) Sure if others break your trust it is a hard thing to go through. But one’s conscience can haunt a person for what seems like an eternity. People should always trust themselves, and be confident in a decision before they make it. To Kill A Mockingbird presented types of friendship that are seldom brought to our attention, and they are just as important if not more than the types of trust shown in the two previous books. Good 4 The final novel in which friendship and trust were shown to the utmost was Romeo and Juliet. This is the tragic love tale that starts as a great friendship between two lovers with abounding trust in each other. Juliet makes it clear that trust for her is no game when. When Romeo says he swears by the moon she replies by saying Jul. O, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon, That monthly changes in her circled orb, Lest that thy love prove likewise varies (Shakespeare Act II scene 2) If one swears by something as big and important as the moon then very few would comprehend that the moon changes so frequently. Trust is an important thing, but it must also be understood that trust being broken is not always one’s fault. There are occasions where life takes unexpected turns that change everything. Friar Lawrence played a rather large role in the love of Romeo and Juliet. The thing that some call ‘fate’ left Romeo dead because information had not reached him. Friar was left to say, â€Å"A greater power than we can contradict Hath thwarted our intents† (Shakespeare Scene V Act 3). So there are times when promises and friendships can be broken because of events that are neither persons fault, so sometimes one must resort to mercy and understanding for broken trust. Romeo and Juliet shows this as well as it could possibly be shown. It’s clear that the four novels show extremely different forms of friendship and trust. Yet they all thoroughly presented aspects that are equally important in fully understanding the concepts. Whether it’s risking your life for your friend, saving a life as a Juror that trusted that the man could be innocent, trusting one’s self, or accepting the fact that sometimes things are out of your control. Trust and friendship shouldn’t be just a figment of books we read, it should be an ongoing theme in our every day lives.

Reconstruction and Industrialization Essay Example For Students

Reconstruction and Industrialization Essay After the Civil War, the nation witnessed two major social-economic movements: Reconstruction and Industrialization Essay, which changed the country completely and made it one of the greatest industrialized countries in the world. However, it changed not only the country, but also, the society, its way of life and traditions. The effort to rebuild the southern states and restore the Union was known as Reconstruction, a period that lasted from 1865 to 1877. Several different plans for Reconstruction emerged during and after the war. Much debate about differing plans centered on who would control Reconstruction the President or Congress. Lincoln had wanted to adopt a mild and forgiving policy toward the defeated rebels. The Radical in Congress, however, thought the South ought to be punished. They also felt that Congress and not The President should make Reconstruction policy. After Lincolns death, his Vice President Andrew Johnson, wished to continue Lincolns proposals. He enraged the Radicals, who controlled Congress, by vetoing some of their measures. Johnsons failure to consider congressional views on Reconstruction and his efforts to block radical plans, finally led Republicans in Congress to attempt to impeach him. At his trial in the Senate, Johnson was acquitted by a razor-thin margin and even thought he was acquitted, his political power was gone. Now the Republican-controlled Congress dictated the terms of Reconstruction. The chief features of this so-called Radical Reconstruction included: the division of the South into five military districts controlled by the U.S. Army, while new state constitutions and governments were being set up; the requirement of the new state governments to grant African American males the right to vote; and the requirement of southern states to ratify the Fourteen amendment. In addition to addressing several civil rights issues, the amendment prohibited many former Confederate officers and government officials from voting. This period of Radical Reconstruction did not bring much change in the South. Although blacks began to participate in political life, they met tremendous hostility. Some Southern whites adopted a policy of terror to keep the freedmen from becoming too independent. Because blacks had no jobs or land they became sharecroppers in a kind of economic slavery. Grant won election in 1868, and Congress became free to follow its Radical Reconstruction policies. It successfully proposed the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth Amendments. However, a major depression occurred in 1873. In addition, public attention was diverted by the graft and corruption in President Grants cabinet. Corruption in the Grant administration weakened the political strength of the Republican Party. In addition, by the early 1870s, all but a handful former Confederates could vote again. Most of these white southern males now voted Democratic in reaction to Radical Republican Reconstruction. For most of the next century, the Democratic party would dominate voting in the South, giving rise to the term solid South. The emergence of the solid South gave the Democrats greater power in politics at the national level. In 1876, Democrats nominated Tilden, the governor of New York, to run for President against Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, the governor of Ohio. It was a disputed election. Politicians and businessmen worked out a deal, and Republican Hayes was declared the winner. In the compromise of 1877, Democrats agreed to go along with the commissions decision in returns for promises by Hayes to withdraw federal troops from the South, thus ending Reconstruction; name a southerner to his cabinet; and support federal spending on internal improvements in the South. Thus, Southerners assumed full control. During the next twenty years, they took steps to stop blacks from voting. They also introduced a policy of complete segregation of the races. The most important legacy of Reconstruction has proved to be three amendments to the Constitution. The Thirteenth abolished slavery, the Fourteenth guaranteed the rights of citizens, and the Fifteenth gave black people the constitutional right to vote. And even thought these amendments did not bring freedom to African-American people at first, anyway it was an important step in American history. .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb , .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .postImageUrl , .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb , .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb:hover , .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb:visited , .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb:active { border:0!important; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb:active , .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucee581499f857d3f85b759d977dcb7fb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Exercise Problems Essay From Reconstruction to World War I, the United States developed a prosperous industrial economy that revolutionized American society. After the Civil War, the growing northern factories looker to overseas markets for their goods. Meanwhile, completion of the transcontinental railroad opened new markets .

The influence of news media on the outcome of the 2008 US presidential elections

Introduction The media has become one of the most used tools of influence in many democratic processes to inspire the public and dictate the behavior of candidates and voters.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The influence of news media on the outcome of the 2008 US presidential elections specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Studies indicate that the media has been a reliable source of information that has provided citizens with information they require in order to make independent and well informed decisions especially on matters of political democracy and choice of leadership. However Kramer points out that in the 2008 general election campaigns for presidential and primary nominations positions in the United States of America proved that the media today has shifted from being mere custodian of facts they were once known to be, to purveyors of misinformation and unbalanced media coverage (208). As this paper examin es, the media did not just heighten campaign knowledge among the American public. It also played a major role in influencing the outcome of the United States general elections in 2008. It is on this front that this paper intrinsically evaluates the United States 2008 election campaigns, analyses the candidates’ use of media during the campaign processes and the role of media in influencing election results. The media and the US presidential candidates in 2008 Bignon and  Miscio indicate that the 2008 presidential general elections saw significant criticisms leveled against the media for their predisposition in presidential and primary candidates’ coverage (385). An example of criticism was that which was leveled against the NBC News by Tim Russert in which the questions that Obama and Hilary were asked were disproportionate in the sense that Hilary, the then democratic presidential contender received very tough questions while Obama’s questions were simpler. S ome of the harassing questions during that news interview included those asking Hilary to provide the name of the newly elected Russian president, and whether she supported the move to have illegal immigrants given driver’s license. As a matter of fact, this was seemingly an open bias against the female candidate. Worse still, it may have portrayed a negative image of Hillary as a leader who is not sharp enough in terms of the on-going global politics. Reports from Pew Research Centre in US provide an in-depth profile on the role of media influence and indicate that during the 2008 presidential campaigns, many journalists and media outlets were bent on seeing that Barrack Obama won the election (Robbins 52).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Certain opinion polls also indicate that Obama had a strong support of about 70% registered voters compared to John McCain†™s 9% (Dubriwny 507). Similar reports analyzing media influence pilloried on the role of media in 2008, and posit that media coverage in terms of news was unfair since its coverage for McCain was 30% while that for Obama was 67% (Dubriwny 507). Figure 1: Figure showing media coverage for different candidates Source:  An FAQ for the 2008 US Presidential Election. Web. Media Coverage of female candidates Evidences of sexism and gender bias in media coverage of the 2008 presidential media coverage The 2008 general elections in the US was marked by massive sexism and gender bias for female contestants at both primary and presidential levels. Of major importance were Sarah Palin and Hilary Clinton who were massively impacted on by apparent double standards measures in media coverage. Most of the statements and questions they raised and which deserved coverage did not receive equal coverage as that of their fellow male candidates. Bignon and  Miscio note that this immensely reflect ed the perception that the media and a section of individuals in the society had on the female gender (387). Indeed, had the media been fair and balanced in their coverage of both male and female gender campaigns, the female candidates would have garnered substantial votes. Sexism and gender discrimination in Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton’s campaigns In his publication, Kramer points out that gender discrimination and sexism on Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton’s campaigns by the media began taking effect especially for Palin when announcements came that she would be the vice president to John McCain, and would be running on a presidential ticket as the first republican female (208).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The influence of news media on the outcome of the 2008 US presidential elections specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What followed her selection as a running mate were brand naming reports from media outlets calling her ‘former beauty queen’ seeking candidacy (Robbins 53). Well, while one might not feel the impact of the labels given to her, the truth of the matter was that Palin was just more than a beauty queen. She was and still is a competent woman who had rights to compete fairly with other candidates and who possessed unique leadership skills. Figure 2: Figure showing media coverage for candidates Source:  Norvig. Trends. Web. Certain critiques of conventions indicate that the media represented Hilary Clinton as a woman who did not carry some weight in politics citing that she was going for leadership position to represent herself. In disagreement with the position the media took, it is imperative to point out that by discriminating against these women, the media undermined the important ideals of feminism and sent forth resilient and piquant messages through their actions that women could not take part in male dominated politics. Denying women candidates equal media coverage was moronic and equaled to telling all women in the US that they do not deserve to vote. Analysts indicate that media sexism was heightened against both Hilary and Palin’s 2008 campaign through media double standards in coverage (Robbins 50). They were given little time for debates and most issues that they raised were not adequately reported as compared to those of their opponents. Figure 3: A table showing media coverage for candidate debatesAdvertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, Ross explains that McCain strategy sought to reach out to women by selecting Sarah Palin as his running mate (180). This strategy was deemed to fill the gap left by the democrats’ choice of the seemingly ‘unpopular’ Obama as opposed to Hilary Clinton who was the expectations of many. However, Palin became a center of attacks by major celebrities, media and even youths who were fast becoming polarized towards Obama wave. Media used to present candidates to voters Television use Babad and Peer refer to TV as the best interface that was used in the 2008 general elections as it linked the public with their candidates (57). Besides, candidates used the television to present their views and ideas to the public. It equally gave them the necessary high profile analysis of their agendas and progress as the voting day drew nearer. It is this popularity that that saw the use of media such as newspapers decline as a persuasive tool. However, unlike other previous c ampaigns, the 2008 campaigns saw great media bias in television coverage of candidates, and which influenced voters to vote for particular candidates. Even though presidential candidates massively used TV media to carry out their campaigns and debate on issues, their coverage was disproportionate and cases of sexism and discrimination against women candidates were rampant. Figure 4: Presidential candidates’ debate and their viewers Use of newspapers Ross argues that though newspapers use as a medium for presenting the candidates has declined over time, it remained a key source of gathering conclusive analysis of the 2008 candidates and their diverse policies (180). It played an effective role especially for the older conservative generations as opposed to the youths who were more to the television and internet. However, there were allegations that newspapers published reports that potentially biased and which to certain degrees influenced voters to vote for candidates (Robbi ns 54). Of importance were endorsements from right leaning newspapers for republican candidates and left-leaning newspapers for democratic candidates. Figure 5: A graph representing newspaper endorsements for candidates Source:  Political Newspaper Endorsements: History and Outcome. Web. Bignon and  Miscio point out that in the American history, newspaper endorsement for presidential and primary candidates has been commonplace for more than a century and has greatly influenced election outcomes (389). Until 2008, overwhelming support and endorsements from newspaper editorial pages favored almost all republican presidenltial candidates with a few balancing out to reach out for that democrats candidates. Reports indicate that republicans enjoyed newspaper endorsements of up to 84% from 1972-88 with extreem instances being 90% when Richard Nixon won against Senator George McGovern (Dubriwny 507). Bill Clointon also received editorial nods in 1992 as a democrat. In 2008, editiroria l support for Obama was higher than that for the republicans and played a major role in influencing the outcomes. Figure 6: A graph representing percentage endorsement of republican and democratic candidates Source:  Political Newspaper Endorsements: History and Outcome. Web. Though the Obama’s landslide win of the 2008 election has been interpreted differently by analysts, there is seen to be concurrence in certain aspects. One such facet as Kramer credits is the high level of energized media involvement that was used to reach more people in all states (208). In concurrence with Kramer’s argument, Babad and Peer explain that Obama managed to maintain a solid touch with youths who form the majority in the nation through modern technology and great media coverage co pared to that of the opposing candidate (57). Besides, he increased his spending on television adverts and raising personnel to link millions through phone messaging, social networking and blogging. Concl usions It is from the above discussion that this paper concludes by supporting the thesis statement, ‘The media has become one of the most used tools of influence in many democratic processes to inspire the public and dictate the behavior of candidates and voters.’ The year 2008 campaigns presented a major turning point in the US history by factoring strongly on the need for effective media influence between candidates and their voters. It can be said, that the key reason for the presidential and primary candidates successes was to a certain degree media influence which not only managed to cover their races as libertarian factors, but effectively brought out their policies, created a space for every one, solidified identity won the loyalty of voters for democrats as well as republicans. Being the new media culture, it is important to point out that future candidates should therefore use the media as the main campaign tool in anchoring their support at the grassroots and national levels. Works Cited Babad,  Elisha Peer, Eyal.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Media bias in interviewers’ nonverbal behavior: potential remedies, attitude similarity and meta-analysis†. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,  34.1  (2010):  57. Print. Bignon,  Vincent   Miscio, Antonio.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Media bias in financial newspapers: evidence from early twentieth-century France†.  European Review of Economic History, 14.3  (2010):  383-432.  Print. Dubriwny,  Tasha.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Women for president: media bias in eight campaigns†.   Rhetoric Public Affairs:  special issue on Lincoln’s rhetorical worlds  13.3  (2010):  507-510. Print. Kramer,  Michael. Electing the president 2008: the insiders’ view.   Presidential Studies Quarterly,  41.1  (2011):  207-209. Print. Robbins,  James.  An old, old story: misreading tet, again.  World Affairs,  173.3  (2010):  49-58. Print. Ross,  Felecia.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Media bias, pers pective, and state repression: The Black Panther Party†.   Journalism History,  36.3  (2010):  180-181.Print. This report on The influence of news media on the outcome of the 2008 US presidential elections was written and submitted by user Luciano Mullins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lawrence Sports, Capital Management Analysis and Methodology Overhaul

Lawrence Sports, Capital Management Analysis and Methodology Overhaul Free Online Research Papers Liquidity must become a primary focus for any business hoping to create sustainable growth. Lawrence Sports, a fictional company, is presently in need of capital management analysis and methodology overhaul. Included in this paper is a discussion of the issues, opportunities, values and solutions that the firm should be considering. The 9 step problem solution model is the format used to take the reader through critical identification, evaluation and implementation of elements that will transform a problem into new growth opportunity. Lawrence Sports is a $20 million dollar revenue company that assembles and distributes sporting goods. The focus of the scenario is to provide the opportunity for the student to develop solutions to trade off issues, thus establishing stability for the firm. Mayo, who is a retailer responsible for 95% of sales, is hindering Lawrence from paying raw materials suppliers. Unfortunately, this cash positioning problem is direct result of the Lawrence credit policy and the Mayo request to delay payment until the week of April 14-20. Borrowing money to deal with supplier payables is not an option, due to the $1.2 million dollar maximized bank limit. Therefore, this paper will strategize from the perspective of a financial manager who will turn a working capital problem into the chance to design a new credit policy, implement cash management models and introduce risk mitigation techniques. A credit policy that is too liberal will continue to cause damage to Lawrence Sports. Presently both receivables and payables are unsynchronized, which is putting undue financial distress on the firm, as well threatening supplier relationships that have helped build the company. Considering the dominant sales role that Mayo plays in the supply chain, Lawrence will have to be very careful in pressuring the payment of receivables. The terms of a new credit policy will be further discussed later in the paper. Usually a firm will extend credit if the choice to do so is at lower cost; however, Lawrence is not in a bargaining position. â€Å"In general, a firm will extend trade credit if it has a comparative advantage in doing so† (Ross et al., 2005). Issues and Opportunities Lawrence does not have leverage to build the business due to unpredictable cash flows. Though this situation is limiting growth, redefining the cash management strategy will open new opportunities within the current supply chain system. Focusing on realistic inventory turnover that creates a positive cash balance will shift the failing policies towards a fresh perspective. This will only happen as a result of new financial planning linked to targeted goal. â€Å"Most financial managers regard a planned cash balance of zero as driving too close to the edge of a cliff. They establish a minimum operating cash balance to absorb unexpected cash inflows and outflows† (Brealey et al., 2005) Instead of the present unpredictable receivables turnover, the new credit policy will allow the basis to calculate a minimum cash balance to increase liquidity. Additionally, previous survival trade off decisions will fade as carrying costs and shortage costs become the opportunity costs of foreg one investments and having enough cash to invest in securities holdings. Another issue that Lawrence Sports is dealing with is the over reliance on Mayo to complete 95% of sales. Allowing Mayo to stretch payments creates a problem for the vendors, thus de-stabilizing the supply chain. Therefore, this paper will discuss the possibility of outsourcing raw materials. If this becomes an alternative, International currency fluctuations will have an effect on earnings and will have to be prepared for. The Lawrence outsourcing team will have to monitor the exposure co-efficient and decompose the dollar variability to optimize cost advantages. Stakeholders Perspectives Stakeholders are essential to the life of any organization. Without a clear understanding of the key entities/people affected by processes, the strategic goal will not be aligned. Suppliers, retailer and the employees are the primary stakeholders for the Lawrence scenario. Murray and Gartner supplied the materials for manufacturing and sales to take place, which surfaces ethical dilemmas. These vendors need to become a priority in order for sporting goods to continue to reach the consumer. A supply chain will function only when active parties are sufficiently compensated for work completed. If Lawrence Sports does not establish a new credit policy with Mayo, the outsourcing option may be necessary to meet future payables restrictions. Selling the receivables to a collection firm is also a way to liquidate current receivables. The employees at all points of the supply chain are also affected by the lack of cash flow control. The new strategic plan should be designed by Lawrence, and respectfully communicated to encourage commitment orientation and boost morale. This will potentially affect both the vendors and Mayo by establishing a leadership role in the supply chain. Problem Statement The Lawrence Sports cash positioning problem exists because of an out of control credit policy. Liquidity problems will continue to challenge the firm unless strategy/efficiency becomes the goal. Though Mayo is a global retailer, Lawrence Sports must professionally communicate credit guidelines. Additionally, as Ann Wu (director, vendor relationships) believes, one or more of the vendors will experience financial distress if Lawrence delays payments. Currently, Lawrence lacks the needed systemic capital management structuring to deal with the uncertain cash flows. The postponement of the $1,360 million dollar invoice payment may ensure a substantial order for the week of April 21-27; however, Lawrence may be without a vendor for finished leather products. The trade off decisions that the company must make does not create the opportunity for growth. Accordingly, the firm will have to take control of any future supplier payment uncertainty, while also addressing potential raw materials variability. Using the course simulation as a means for trial and error examples produced an interesting predicament. Attempting immediately to improve the working capital position, by pressuring Mayo to pay, upset the retailer. Unfortunately, the choice to collect the outstanding receivables affected the sales for the week of April 21-27. This was the expected reaction considering the lack of preparation and agreement. Not having a predetermined contract had an adverse affect on sales, and jeopardized the vendor relationship that Lawrence relies on. End State Vision â€Å"Value creation depends on cash flows† (Ross et al., 2005) A new cash positioning will exist for Lawrence Sports when receipts and disbursements create positive net working capital, supported by a sustainable infrastructure of processes. Following the new cash yielding trade off decisions, the company should start experiencing growth opportunities. Additionally, awareness of necessary balance between choices regarding profit margin vs. turnover, and tax subsidies vs. financial distress will define the firm’s direction. Once these concepts are of frequent discussion within management, positive net working capital may be turn to a reality. Lawrence has developed into a $20 million dollar revenues company, however, must over-come the unsynchronized cash flow problem. Unfortunately, the Mayo sales have not happened in time to pay the vendors for raw materials. Therefore, the excessive pressure to close the cash flow gap will breathe new life into the firm. Taking advantage of this opportunity will allow Lawrence to become the internally financed entity that the owners hope it to be. â€Å"Profitable firms generate cash internally, implying less need for outside financing†¦the greater the cash flow of more profitable firms creates greater debt capacity† (Ross et al., 2005). Though it may seem that Lawrence is in a difficult situation that could potentially threaten future sales, the implementation plan will establish the correct direction. The external financing limitation is a blessing in disguise by forcing better policies. Following the transition into more synchronized cash flows, the firm will find bills paid and net working capital. Successful companies eventually learn that organizations must have survival strategies built into the system. This is the focus of the next section of this paper. To link policies, and processes with value creation. Alternative Solutions Primary alternatives for Lawrence Sports are based on significant company benchmarking that provide approaches to develop a programmed solution. Dell Computers, Honeywell and Coca-Cola are three firms that sustain relative competitive advantage in their respective industries. Decisions for Lawrence alternatives included analysis of the annual reports, which yielded valuable lessons on how to transform a financially challenged organization. Dell Computers has found a way to balance cash flow and create net working capital. In 2008 the company reported $9.2 billion dollars in cash and cash equivalents. Dell has consistently held a cash balance by communicating directly with the customer, reducing inventory risk and maintaining a conservative credit policy. â€Å"We use cash generated by operations as our primary source of liquidity and believe that internally generated cash flows are sufficient to support business operations† (Dell Annual Report, Financing Receivables). Lower level trades off decisions are challenging Lawrence Sports. For Dell, higher level decisions for carrying costs and shortage costs include net working capital decisions such as optimizing investment alternatives. This was accomplished by ensuring that receivables are collected before issuing disbursements. If Lawrence adopts this policy, the firm will be able to use the cash from operations as the source of liquidity. Improving the perception of how to accomplish this type of financial growth is necessary. The company will either choose to struggle with receipts/disbursements or take control of the trade credit policy. Another choice of alternatives for Lawrence is to calculate a targeted cash balance, using the Miller-Or model, while seeking potential suppliers that will accommodate the firm’s policy needs. Though Mayo is responsible for the majority of sales for the firm, without a more conservative policy, payables will surely continue to be restrained. Honeywell, â€Å"continues to manage its businesses to maximize operating cash flows as the primary source of liquidity† as Dell does (Honeywell 2007 Annual Report, Liquidity and Capital Resources). Additionally, the firm is not solely dependent on one or two suppliers. Honeywell chooses to use long-term price agreements for raw materials, and claims minimal concern for the supply of raw materials. With the possibility that Lawrence may lose a vendor, (as a reaction to granting Mayo the right to delay receivables payments) lower cost may be achieved by outsourcing. If dependence on Mayo is the choice, then the firm should investigate how International suppliers will be able to help the firm maintain the liberal credit policy. In this case, Lawrence will need to consult foreign currency experts. Coca-Cola has to deal foreign currency fluctuations, and uses derivatives to reduce economic exposure. The firm â€Å"enters into forward exchange contracts and purchases currency options (principally Euro, Japanese Yen, and dollars to hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in foreign currencies† (Coca-Cola 2007 Annual Report, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk). Discussion on forward contracts is included in the risk mitigation section of this paper. If outsourcing is management’s decision, then a plan must be designed to deal with foreign currency fluctuations. Analysis of Alternative Solutions Lawrence Sports will be able to correct the cash flow problem with a conservative credit policy. This alternative receives the highest rating because, without balanced receipts and disbursements, optimal trade off choices will not exist. When the CEO realizes that the liberal credit policy is a hindrance, the path to liquidity will surface. The second alternative to expand the supplier base is also important, however, not as critical as the credit policy implementation. As relations improve within the supply chain, Lawrence will find more time to consider new supplier options. The final alternative is a contingency plan for the loss of a vendor. When Murray and Gartner begin to receive reliable payments, outsourcing options can be considered as a cost advantage strategy. Risk Assessment and Mitigation Deciding to implement a new credit policy is the best way to ensure sustainability. Mayo’s response will hopefully be accepting. If not, a reliable mitigation plan must be in place. Factoring receivables will help ensure that Murray and Gartner are paid for raw materials. â€Å"Factoring refers to the sale of a firm’s accounts receivable to a financial institution known as a factor† (Ross et al., 2005). Instead of endangering the relationship with vendors, factoring will relieve the payables problem by relinquishing approximately 4% of the invoice amount to the factor. Considering the global reach of Mayo, factoring may be the viable solution for the short term. As mentioned in the benchmarking section of this paper, Coca-cola has found a way to use derivatives to hedge foreign currency fluctuations. If Murray and Gartner end the relationship with Lawrence Sports, and outsourcing becomes a cost saving alternative, the firm will turn to international suppliers for raw materials. Lawrence will have the choice of either entering into a bilateral forward contract with a commodity resource or using an exchange to establish forward prices. Depending on how well the Lawrence staff plans for the outsourcing agreement, the project could become very advantageous. Optimal Solution Three common elements for success in any company are strategy, financial and corporate governance. Lawrence Sports has a responsibility to initiate cash control to increase profitability in the supply chain system. This means that future competitive advantage will exist as the response to contracted policies and formalized cash management techniques. The following section is a justification of the optimal solution to help save Lawrence Sports. When the firm manufactures the raw materials and relies on a retailer, a tremendous obligation is created. The vendor offered credit to Lawrence, which then extended credit to Mayo. An inability to pay for accounts receivables in the supply chain has endangered every link in the process. Therefore, the goal is to make sure that a fresh policy is implemented to improve the average collection period. Sustainability will rely upon this. The example from Dell Computers earlier is a good example of how to deal with receivables. Collecting before disbursements will ensure that bills will be paid. Ongoing cycles of successful net working capital outcomes will begin to change the inertia of the firm. Ultimately this process will increase value within the supply chain system, while allowing Lawrence to focus more on strategic goals. The ability to change an organization is relative to which activities require the most attention. If Lawrence is inundated with cash management issues, the time is always limited by functional dilemmas. For example, if a human does not have enough food, they cannot think about progress. This is similar to the premise of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. When cash flows are created and established properly, net worth can increase. A decision to grant credit to Mayo is not as much of an issue due to the 3,000 stores and international reach. The economies of scale should not be the deciding factor. Mayo will stay in business, even if it means liquidity problems for manufacturers. Therefore, with the new guidelines to deal with receipts/disbursements, Lawrence will survive the next time Mayo (or any other retailer) decides to stretch payments. Focusing on an optimal credit relationship is essential. â€Å"At the optimal amount of credit, the incremental cash flows from increased sales are exactly equal to the carrying costs from the increase in accounts receivable† (Ross et al., 2005). Unless a major disagreement happens with the vendors, an outsoucing of raw materials does not to be considered. Educating the company’s change agents to act according to the strategic plan might avoid this situation. Using financial data to calculate the targeted cash balance will happen as a result of efficient cash flow balancing. Essentials of proper management include the marriage of efficiency and strategy. When short term financial decision making becomes the emphasis for value creation, Lawrence will have less difficulty dealing with liquidity. The fundamentals of converting raw materials into cash are the primary puzzle, because unsynchronized cash cycles have damaged the firm. A realistic credit policy leads to gap minimization of cash flows and the potential to expand or invest. Proper management of operations will help Lawrence turn a time of despair into one of profitability. â€Å"The need for short term decision making is suggested by the gap between cash inflows and outflows† (Ross et al., 2005). Borrowing money from the bank is not an option for Lawrence. Zero liquidity reserve is available, and cash flows are uncertain. The only solution is the overhaul the credit policy. As fore mentioned, a factoring company will have to be used to survive the short term cash dilemma. Implementation Plan Implementing the new trade credit policy and cash management process will happen according to the following guidelines. After deciding on agreeable terms of sale with Mayo, management will outline the next profitable horizon. Future retailers will be bound by a policy contract that includes the terms of sale, credit analysis and a collection policy. The credit team should have the new policy terms established within one week. This will be negotiated with Mayo, considering the need of immediate action. When the trade credit guidelines are set, the finance team will be able to calculate the targeted cash balance, which should be assessed every two weeks. From this, the capital management outlay will be created. After the policy and cash flow plan is established, management can then begin investigating alternative retailers and suppliers. Evaluation of Results Part of project implementation is guaranteeing a way to measure results. Unfortunately, Lawrence must design a new policy immediately. â€Å"Change occurs, as it must, but it does so in an atmosphere of crisis and confusion. Substantial loss may result before the needed design is complete† (Pyzdek, 2003). Lawrence Sports does not have the flexibility of Dell, Honeywell and Coca-cola. Therefore, management will be advised to enroll in online Six Sigma courses, as well instructed to immediately update techniques for financial/operational analysis. The evaluation schedule is as follows. Credit policy reviews will happen once a month, supplier payables correspondence on a weekly basis, operations will be assessed daily, financial investments analysis reports will occur and retailer analysis memos will be delivered bi-weekly. Conclusion â€Å"Focus comes from two perspectives: down from the top-level goals and up from problems and opportunities† (Pyzdek, 2003). Lawrence Sports will be able to leverage professional policy terms into positive net worth. The past uncertainties can be used as an historical example on the importance of cash flow responsibility. Future reports will include successful cash balances and new growth opportunities. Table 1 Issue and Opportunity Identification Issue Opportunity Reference to Specific Course Concept (Include citation) Concept Lawrence needs to establish a better control over the credit policy to enable the possibility of closing the gap between cash inflows and outflows. This is the only way to create working capital. With all due respect to Mayo, this is the time for Lawrence Sports to prepare for a bright future in sporting goods manufacturing. â€Å"At the optimal amount of credit, the incremental cash flows from increased sales are exactly equal to the carrying costs from the increase in accounts receivable† (Ross et al., 2005). Optimal Credit Policy Balancing cash flows between receivables and payables is causing financial and professional distress to Lawrence. After the new credit policy is created, Lawrence will have to seek new retailers and calculate the expected profit formula to make credit decisions. Mayo is still the main retailer, because the firm is a large volume customer. â€Å"In other words, you have fixed your terms of sale; you have decided on the contract that customers must sign; and you have established a procedure for estimating the probability that they will pay up† (Brealey et al., 2005) Expected Profit Formula and Credit Decisions Once the struggle between receivables and disbursements are solved for Lawrence Sports, a minimum cash balance will have to be established in order to accommodate uncertainties. Now is the time for Lawrence Sports to get control of asset liquidity, and re-assess the capital management infrastructure. For fluctuating cash flows, the Miller-Or model is preferred to calculating a target/minimum cash balance. â€Å"Most financial managers regard a planned cash balance of zero as driving too close to the edge of the cliff. They establish a minimum operating cash balance to absorb unexpected cash inflows and outflows† (Brealey et al., 2005). Target/Minimum Cash balance A short term financing predicament has occurred as a result of the Lawrence Sports liberal credit policy with Mayo. When the firm gets control of working capital (through new policies), excess cash management will need to be dealt with. A positive cash balance will begin to open doors of opportunity for Lawrence Sports. Eventually, earlier critical trade off decisions regarding credit will evolve into investment maximization. â€Å"†¦study focuses only on liquid assets (i.e., cash, and market securities), so that carrying costs are the opportunity costs of holding liquid assets and shortage costs are the risks of not having cash when investment opportunities are good†(Ross et al., 2005). Improved Cash Management Trade Off Decisions The current capital conflict is keeping Lawrence Sports from establishing a sustainable cash balance. With the bank limit at $1.2 million already, the firm should assess the possibility of new retailers or vendors. If this is the case, International companies will be considered options as well. An improved credit policy and cash positioning team will potentially find a new retailer or vendors (depending on the relationship with Mayo). If a change occurs that involves International companies, hedging techniques will be used. â€Å"For many firm’s the wide fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates have become at least as important as a source of risk as changes in commodity prices. Financial futures are similar to commodity futures, but instead†¦you place an order to buy or sell a financial asset at a future date† (Brealey et al., 2005). Futures Hedging Table 2 Stakeholder Perspectives Stakeholder Perspectives Stakeholder Groups The Interests, Rights, and Values of Each Group Suppliers Murray and Gartner have the right to be paid for the raw materials supplied to Lawrence Sports. The present credit policy is pressuring the business relationship. Retailer Mayo has to delay payment to Lawrence sports until the week of 4/14 to 4/20. A new credit policy will have to be put into effect, which must be respectfully communicated. Employees Implementing new policies and cash management techniques will affect the career paths of all employees. When Lawrence re-designs the organizational credit/finance infrastructure, the employees will be able to function more comfortably. Table 3 Risk Assessment and Mitigation Techniques Risk Assessment and Mitigation Techniques Alternative Solution Risks and Probability Consequence and Severity Mitigation Techniques New Credit Policy (Dell) High Medium Communicate the necessity of the credit policy (respectfully). New Suppliers/ Target Cash Balance (Honeywell) Low Low The minimum cash balance is a part of the new Lawrence plan to increase liquidity. Credit policy is the risk mitigation technique. Outsourcing (Coca-cola) High High Hedging techniques can be used to avoid currency fluctuations. Table 4 Optimal Solution Implementation Plan Deliverable Timeline Who is Responsible Decide on Credit Terms 1 week Credit Team Implement Credit Policy 2 weeks Management Determine Target Cash Balance Bi-weekly Finance Team Outline Capital Management 1 week Finance Team Delegation of Duties 1 week Management Re-assess policies 2 months Financial Analyst Team Investigate Retailer Alternatives 2 weeks Domestic/International Table 5 Evaluation of Results End-State Goals Metrics Target Balanced Cash Flows Credit policy reviews One per month Collected Receivables Before Payables Supplier payables correspondence Weekly conference calls Perfect orders Management assessments Daily (operations) Investments Finance reviews Weekly Retailer flexibility Management research and analysis Bi-weekly analysis References Brealey, Richard A., Myers, Stewart C., Allen, Franklin., (2005) Principals of Corporate Finance, The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, New York. Coca-Cola Company Annual Report 2007, Foreign Currency Hedging to Protect the Competitive Position. Retrieved November 24, 2008 from the World Wide Web: thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/annual_other_reports.html Honeywell 2007 annual report, Retrieved from the World Wide Web December 29, 2008 http://library.corporateir.net/library/94/947/94774/items/282921/HON07AR1.pdf Keeir, Dan. Peetz, Karen. (Nov. 2002) Cash Management Takes Center Stage. New York. Vol. 16, Iss. 11; pg. 48, 5 pgs. Pyzdek, Thomas. (2003) The Six Sigma Handbook. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York. References Ross, S.A., Westerfield, R.W., Jaffe, J. (2005). Corporate Finance, 7e. Ch. 2: Accounting Statements and Cash Flow. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. The McGraw Hill Companies. Retrieved November 8, 2008, from the University of Phoenix, rEsource Web site: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary, MBA/540 – Maximizing Shareholder Wealth. Whole Foods-Credit Risk Management Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 29, 2008 wholefoodsmarket.com/company/pdfs/ar07.pdf Research Papers on Lawrence Sports, Capital Management Analysis and Methodology OverhaulIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalLifes What IfsThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of India

Cultural anthropology and food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural anthropology and food - Research Paper Example Food has become extremely instrumental in clearly defining the differences among the diversified cultural groupings. Like all the other known culturally defined symbols and materials, food has also served in both solidifying group membership and setting groups apart (John 2001, 161). It strengthens the cultural groupings or national identity. Food clearly distinguishes people from different cultural backgrounds. John (2001, 243) argues that the correlation of one’s consumption, belonging and identity of feeds gives one imaginations of the person he or she is. The food consumed has been used in the western and African countries to identifying the cultural backgrounds of an individual. Although in the past language has widely been perceived as a marker of culture, food has always endured where the language is lost, or its use is limited. According to the cultural anthropologists, food has been used in observing prestigious festivals and rites. According to John (2001, 128), Korean and Americans have varied preferred food. For instance, Koreans culture can easily be associated with the inclination for moon cakes. While that of people from America is associated with pizza and hamburger eating behaviors. Conclusively, observing the kinds of foods consumed by one, can easily tell their culture. Therefore, according to the anthropologists food and culture are